¹tn Here kaiv (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the resumption of the topic of the seals.
²tn Grk “he”; the referent (the Lamb) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
³tn Here kaiv (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
⁴tn Here kaiv (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
⁵tn Grk “having.”
⁶sn A golden censer was a bowl in which incense was burned. The imagery suggests the OT role of the priest.
⁷tn The verb “to station” was used to translate eJstavqh (Jestaqh) because it connotes the idea of purposeful arrangement in English, which seems to be the idea in the Greek.
⁸tn Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation. Here kaiv (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
⁹tn Here kaiv (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
¹⁰tn The expression tw'n qumiamavtwn (twn qumiamatwn) is taken as a “genitive of producer,” i.e., the noun in the genitive produces the head noun.
¹¹tn Here kaiv (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
¹²tn Or “sounds,” “voices.” It is not entirely clear what this refers to. BDAG 1071 s.v. fwnhv 1 states, “In Rv we have ajstrapaiV kaiV fwnaiV kaiV brontaiv (cp. Ex 19:16) 4:5; 8:5; 11:19; 16:18 (are certain other sounds in nature thought of here in addition to thunder, as e.g. the roar of the storm?…).”
¹³tn Here kaiv (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the transition to a new topic.
¹⁴tn Grk “having.”
¹⁵tn Here kaiv (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
¹⁶tn Here kaiv (kai) has been translated as “so that” because what follows has the logical force of a result clause.
¹⁷tn Here kaiv (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
¹⁸tn Here kaiv (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
¹⁹tn Or “a third of the living creatures in the sea”; Grk “the third of the creatures which were in the sea, the ones having life.”
²⁰tn On the term translated “completely destroyed,” L&N 20.40 states, “to cause the complete destruction of someone or something—‘to destroy utterly.’ toV trivton tw'n ploivwn diefqavrhsan ‘a third of the ships were completely destroyed’ Re 8:9.”
²¹tn Here kaiv (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
²²tn Or “from heaven” (the same Greek word means both “heaven” and “sky”).
²³tn Grk “fell.”
²⁴tn Here kaiv (kai) has been translated as “now” in keeping with the parenthetical nature of this remark.
²⁵tn Grk “is called,” but this is somewhat redundant in contemporary English.
²⁶sn Wormwood refers to a particularly bitter herb with medicinal value. According to L&N 3.21, “The English term wormwood is derived from the use of the plant as a medicine to kill intestinal worms.” This remark about the star’s name is parenthetical in nature.
²⁷tn Here kaiv (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of the star falling on the waters.
²⁸tn That is, terribly bitter (see the note on “Wormwood” earlier in this verse).
²⁹tn Grk “and many of the men died from these waters because they were bitter.”
³⁰tn Here kaiv (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
³¹tn Grk “the day did not shine [with respect to] the third of it.”
³²tn Here kaiv (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
³³tn Grk “one eagle.”
³⁴tc Ï^A reads “angel” (ajggevlou, angelou) instead of “eagle” (ajetou', aetou), a reading strongly supported by {Í A 046 Ï^K and several versions}. On external grounds, ajetou' is clearly the superior reading. ajggevlou could have arisen inadvertently due to similarities in spelling or sound between ajetou' and ajggevlou. It may also have been intentional in order to bring this statement in line with 14:6 where an angel is mentioned as the one flying in midair. This seems a more likely reason, strengthened by the facts that the book only mentions eagles two other times (4:7; 12:14). Further, the immediate as well as broad context is replete with references to angels.
³⁵tn Concerning the word mesouravnhma (mesouranhma), L&N 1.10 states, “a point or region of the sky directly above the earth—‘high in the sky, midpoint in the sky, directly overhead, straight above in the sky.’ ei\don, kaiV h[kousa eJnoV" aJetou' petomevnou ejn mesouranhvmati ‘I looked, and I heard an eagle that was flying overhead in the sky’ Re 8:13.”
³⁶tn Grk “about to sound their trumpets,” but this is redundant in English.