1sn The first part of Balaams activity ends in disaster for Balakhe blesses Israel. The chapter falls into four units: the first prophecy (vv. 1-10), the relocation (vv. 11-17), the second prophecy (vv. 18-24), and a further location (vv. 25-30).
2tn The Hebrew text has on the altar, but since there were seven of each animal and seven altars, the implication is that this means on each altar.
3tn The verb hityasseb (bX@y~t=h!) means to take a stand, station oneself. It is more intentional than simply standing by something. He was to position himself by the sacrifice as Balaam withdrew to seek the oracle.
4tn Heb and the word of what he shows me. The noun is in construct, and so the clause that follows functions as a noun clause in the genitive. The point is that the word will consist of divine revelation.
5tn The verb is the perfect tense with vav consecutive. This clause is dependent on the clause that precedes it.
6sn He went up to a bald spot, to a barren height. The statement underscores the general belief that such tops were the closest things to the gods. On such heights people built their shrines and temples.
7tn The relative pronoun is added here in place of the conjunction to clarify that Balaam is speaking to God and not vice versa.
8tn Heb word.
9tn Heb and thus you shall speak.
10tn The Hebrew text draws the vividness of the scene with the deictic particle hinneh (hN}h!)Balaam returned, and there he was, standing there.
11tn Heb he; the referent (Balaam) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
12tn The passage calls for a past tense translation; since the verb form is a prefixed conjugation, this tense should be classified as a preterite without the vav. Such forms do occur, especially in the ancient poetic passages.
13sn The opening lines seem to be a formula for the seer to identify himself and the occasion for the oracle. The tension is laid out early; Balaam knows that God has intended to bless Israel, but he has been paid to curse them.
14tn The figure is erotesis, a rhetorical question. He is actually saying he cannot curse them because God has not cursed them.
15tn The imperfect tense should here be classified as a potential imperfect.
16tn Heb him, but here it refers to the Israelites (Israel).
17sn Balaam reports his observation of the nation of Israel spread out below him in the valley. Based on that vision, and the Lords word, he announces the uniqueness of Israelthey are not just like one of the other nations. He was correct, of course; they were the only people linked with the living God by covenant.
18tn The verb could also be taken as a reflexiveIsrael does not consider itself as among the nations, meaning, they consider themselves to be unique.
19tn The question is again rhetorical; it means no one can count themthey are innumerable.
20tn The perfect tense can also be classified as a potential nuance. It does not occur very often, but does occur several times.
21sn The reference in the oracle is back to Gen 13:16, which would not be clear to Balaam. But God had described their growth like the dust of the earth. Here it is part of the description of the vast numbers.
22tn The noun in the MT is not in the construct state, and so it should be taken as an adverbial accusative, forming a parallel with the verb count. The second object of the verse then follows, the fourth part of Israel. SP and the Greek translation have and who has numbered (Heb umi sapar), making this colon more parallel to the preceding one. The editor of BHS prefers this reading.
23tn The use of nefesh (vp#n\) for the subject of the verb stresses the personal natureme.
24sn Here the seers words link with the promise of Gen 12:3, that whoever blesses Israel will be blessed. Since the blessing belongs to them, the upright (and not Balak), Balaam would like his lot to be with them.
25tn Heb his.
26tn The Hebrew text uses hinneh (hN}h!) here to stress the contrast.
27tn The construction is emphatic, using the perfect tense and the infinitive absolute to give it the emphasis. It would have the force of you have done nothing but bless, or you have indeed blessed. The construction is reminiscent of the call of Abram and the promise of the blessing in such elaborate terms.
28tn Heb answered and said.
29tn The verb samar (rmv) means to guard, watch, observe and so here with a sense of be careful or even take heed. The nuance of the imperfect tense would be obligatory: I must be carefulto do what? to speak what the Lord has put in my mouth. The infinitive construct to speak is therefore serving as the direct object of samar.
30tn The clause is a noun clause serving as the direct object of to speak. It begins with the sign of the accusative, and then the relative pronoun that indicates the whole clause is the accusative.
31tn Heb he brought him; the referents (Balak and Balaam) have been specified in the translation for clarity.
32tn Some scholars do not translate this word as Pisgah, but rather as a lookout post or an elevated place.
33tn Heb and he built.
34tn Heb he; the referent (Balaam) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
35tn The verse uses koh (hK)) twice: station yourself here
I will meet [the Lord] there.
36tn Heb he. The antecedent has been supplied in the translation for clarity.
37tn Heb took up.
38tn The verb probably means pay attention in this verse.
39tn tn Heb son of man.
40tn The verb is the Hiphil of qum (<Wq), to cause to rise; to make stand. The meaning here is more of the sense of fulfilling the promises made.
41tn The Hebrew text simply has I have received [to] bless. The infinitive is the object of the verb, telling what he received. Balaam was not actually commanded to bless, but was given the word of blessing so that he was given a divine decree that would bless Israel.
42sn The reference is probably to the first speech, where the Lord blessed Israel. Balaam knows that there is nothing he can do to reverse what God has said.
43tn The verb is the Hiphil of sub (bWv), meaning to cause to return. He cannot return Gods word to him, for it has been given, and it will be fulfilled.
44tn These could be understood as impersonal and so rendered no one has discovered.
45sn The line could mean that God has regarded Israel as the ideal congregation without any blemish or flaw. But it could also mean that God has not looked on their iniquity, meaning, held it against them.
46tn The word means wrong, misery, trouble. It can mean the idea of disaster as well, for that too is trouble. Here it is parallel to iniquity and so has the connotation of something that would give God reason to curse them.
47tn The people are blessed because God is their king. In fact, the shout of acclamation is among themthey are proclaiming the Lord God as their king. The word is used normally for the sound of the trumpet, but also of battle shouts, and then here acclamation. This would represent their conviction that Yahweh is king. On the usage of this Hebrew word see further BDB 929-30; HALOT 4:1790-91.
48tn The form is the Hiphil participle from yasa (axy) with the object suffix. He is the one who brought them out.
49sn The expression is the horns of the wild ox (KJV-unicorn). The point of the image is strength or power. Horns are also used in the Bible to represent kingship (see Pss 89 and 132).
50tn Or in Jacob. But given the context the meaning against is preferable. The words describe two techniques of consulting God; the first has to do with observing omens in general (enchantments), and the second with casting lots or arrows of the like (divinations [Ezek 21:26]). See Snaith, Numbers, 295-96.
51tn The form is the preposition like, as and the word for timeaccording to the time, about this time, now.
52tn The Niphal imperfect here carries the nuance of obligationone has to say in amazement that God has done something marvelous or it must be said.
53tn The words look at are not in the Hebrew text but have been added in the translation for clarity.
54tn The pronoun their has been supplied for clarity; it is not present in the Hebrew text.
55sn The oracle compares Israel first to a lion, or better, lioness, because she does the tracking and hunting of food while the lion moves up and down roaring and distracting the prey. But the lion is also the traditional emblem of Judah, Dan and Gad, as well as the symbol of royalty. So this also supports the motif of royalty as well as power for Israel.
56tn The verb is preceded by the infinitive absolute: you shall by no means curse or do not curse them at all. He brought him to curse, and when he tried to curse there was a blessing. Balak can only say it would be better not to bother.
57tn The same construction now works with nor bless them at all. The two together form a merismdont say anything. He does not want them blessed, so Balaam is not to do that, but the curse isnt working either.
58tn Heb answered and said.
59tn This first clause, all that the Lord speaksis a noun clause functioning as the object of the verb that comes at the end of the verse. It is something of an independent accusative case, since it is picked up with the sign of the accusative: all that the Lord speaks, it I must do.
60tn Heb be pleasing in the eyes of God.
61sn Balak is stubborn, as indeed Balaam is persistent. But Balak still thinks that if another location were used it just might work. Balaam had actually told Balak in the prophecy that other attempts would fail. But Balak refuses to give up so easily. So he insists they perform the ritual and try again. This time, however, Balaam will change his approach, and this will result in a dramatic outpouring of power on him.