1tn The words this victory song are supplied in the translation for clarification.
2tn The meaning of the Hebrew expression tour*P= u^r{p=B! (B!pr{u^ P=r*uot) is uncertain. Numerous proposals are offered by commentators. (For a survey of opinions, see B. Lindars, Judges 1-5, 223-27.) The next line refers to the people who responded to Baraks summons to war, so a reference to the leaders who issued the summons would provide a natural poetic parallel. In v. 9 the leaders (yq@q=oj, joq=q@y) of the people and these same volunteers stand in poetic parallelism, so it is reasonable to assume that the difficult Hebrew term tour*P= (P=r*uot, v. 2a) is synonymous with yq@q=oj (joq=q@y) of v. 9 (see Lindars, 227).
3tn Heb I, to the Lord, I, I will sing! The first singular personal pronoun is used twice, even though a first person finite verbal form is employed.
4tn Or make music.
5tn Or went out.
6tn Heb water.
7tn Or quaked. The translation assumes the form WLz)n` (n`z{LW) from the root ll^z` (z`l^l, to quake; see HALOT 1:272). The LXX, the Syriac Peshitta, and the Targum also understood the word this way. (See Isa 63:19 and 64:2 for other occurrences of this form.) Some understand here the verb lz~n` (n`z~l, to flow [with torrents of rain water]).
8tn Heb this one of Sinai. The phrase is a divine title, perhaps indicating that the Lord rules from Sinai.
9tc The translation assumes the form tojr+a( (a(r=jot, caravans) rather than tojr`a( (a(r*jot, roadways) because it makes a tighter parallel with travelers in the next line.
10tn Or ceased.
11tn Heb Ones walking on paths.
12tn The meaning of the Hebrew noun /ozr*p= (p=r*zo/) is uncertain. Some understand the meaning as leaders or those living in rural areas. The singular noun appears to be collective (note the accompanying plural verb). For various options see B. Lindars, Judges 1-5, 237-38.
13tn Or ceased.
14tn The translation assumes that the verb is an archaic second feminine singular form. Though Deborah is named as one of the composers of the song (v. 1), she is also addressed within it (v. 12). Many take the verb as first person singular, I arose (cf. NAB, NASB, NIV).
15tn Heb mother. The translation assumes that the image portrays Deborah as a protector of the people. It is possible that the metaphor points to her prophetic role. Just as a male prophet could be called father, so Deborah, a prophetess, is called mother (B. Lindars, Judges 1-5, 239).
16tn Or warriors. The Hebrew text reads literally, He chose God/gods new. Some take Israel as the subject of the verb, gods as object, and new as an adjective modifying gods. This yields the translation, (Israel) chose new gods. In this case idolatry is the cause of the trouble alluded to in the context. The present translation takes God as subject of the verb and new as substantival, referring to the new leaders raised up by God (see v. 9a). For a survey of opinions and a defense of the present translation, see B. Lindars, Judges 1-5, 239-40.
17tn The translation of this difficult line is speculative because the second word, <j#l* (l*j#<), appears only here. The line in the Hebrew text literally reads, Then [?] gates. Interpretations and emendations of the Hebrew text abound (see B. Lindars, Judges 1-5, 239-40). The translation assumes a repointing of the form as a Qal participle <j@O (Oj@<, from the verbal root <j^l* [l*j^<], fight) and understands a substantival use (fighter). Fighter is a collective reference to the military leaders or warriors mentioned in the preceding line and in v. 9. (For other occurrences of the Qal of <j^l*, see Pss 35:1; 56:2-3.)
18tn Heb A shield, it could not be seen, nor a spear. The translation assumes that the Hebrew particle <a! (a!<) introduces an oath of denial (see GKC §149.e).
19tn Traditionally forty thousand, but this may be an instance where Hebrew term [l#a# (a#l#[) refers to a military unit. This is the view assumed by the translation (forty military units).
20tn The words went out are supplied in the translation for clarity.
21tn The meaning of the Hebrew word /yD!m! (m!D!/, saddle cloths) is uncertain.
22tn The word Hear is supplied in the translation for clarification and for stylistic reasons.
23tn The meaning of the Hebrew word is uncertain. Some translate those who distribute the water (HALOT 1:344). For other options see B. Lindars, Judges 1-5, 246-47.
24tn Or perhaps repeat.
25tn See the note on the term warriors in v. 7.
26tn Heb take captive your captives. (The Hebrew text uses a cognate accusative here.)
27tn This probably refers to those who responded to the call for war. They were survivors of the Canaanite oppression (see B. Lindars, Judges 1-5, 250).
28tn The translation assumes a repointing of the verb as a perfect or imperfect/preterite form of dr^y` (y`r^d, to go down). The form as pointed in the MT appears to be from hd*r* (r*d*h, to rule). See GKC §69.g. The same form, translated came down, occurs in the next line as well.
29sn The expression mighty ones probably refers to the leaders of the army.
30sn The speaker may be Deborah here.
31tn The translation assumes the preposition b (beth) prefixed to warriors has the force of in the capacity of. For this use of the preposition, see GKC §119.i.
32tn Heb From Ephraim their root in Amalek (the words they came are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons). Because of the difficulty of the MT, many prefer to follow one of the ancient versions or emend the text. For various proposals see B. Lindars, Judges 1-5, 252-53. The present translation repoints <v*r=v* (v*rv*<, traditionally translated their root) as a Piel verb form with enclitic mem. The preposition b (beth) on ql@m*u& (u&m*l@q) introduces the object (see Job 31:12 for an example of the construction). Ephraims territory encompassed the hill country of the Amalekites (Judg 12:15).
33tn The words They follow are supplied in the translation for clarification and for stylistic reasons.
34tn The word came is supplied in the translation for clarification and for stylistic reasons.
35tn Or possibly who carry.
36tn Heb Issachar. The words the men of are supplied in the translation for clarification.
37tn Or was true to.
38tn Heb at his feet.
39tn Heb great was.
40tc The great majority of Hebrew mss have resolves of heart, but a few mss read searchings of heart, which is preferable in light of v. 16.
41tn The meaning of the Hebrew word <y]t^P=v=m! (m!vP=t^y]<) is uncertain. Some understand the word to mean campfires.
42tn Or whistling.
43tn Heb listening to the pipe playing for the flocks.
44tn Heb lived or settled down.
sn Apparently the people of Gilead remained on the other side of the river and did not participate in the battle.
45tn Heb Dan, why did he live as a resident alien, ships. The verb rWG (GWr) usually refers to taking up residence outside ones native land. Perhaps the Danites, rather than rallying to Barak, were content to move to the Mediterranean coast and work in the shipyards. For further discussion, see B. Lindars, Judges 1-5, 262.
46tn Heb lived.
47tn Heb lived or settled down.
48tn The meaning of the Hebrew word Jr*p=m! (m!pr*J) is uncertain, but the parallelism (note seacoast) suggests harbors.
49tn Heb Zebulun was a people which despised its life even unto death.
50tn Heb Naphtali was on the heights of the field.
51map For location see Map1-D4; Map2-C1; Map4-C2; Map5-F2; Map7-B1.
52tn The contrastive conjunction but is interpretive.
53tn Or from heaven. The same Hebrew term, <y]m^v* (v*m^y]<), may be translated heaven(s) or sky depending on the context.
54tn The MT takes the stars with what follows rather than with the first colon of v. 20. But for metrical reasons it seems better to move the athnach and read the colon as indicated in the translation.
55tn The words in the heavens are not in the Hebrew text, but are supplied for clarity and for stylistic reasons.
56tn Possibly the ancient river, but it seems preferable in light of the parallel line (which has a verb) to emend the word (attested only here) to a verb (<d^q*, q*d^<) with pronominal object suffix.
57tn This line is traditionally taken as the poet-warriors self-exhortation, March on, my soul, in strength! The present translation (a) takes the verb (a second feminine singular form) as addressed to Deborah (cf. v. 12), (b) understands vp#n\ (n\p#v) in its well-attested sense of throat; neck (cf. Jonah 2:6), (c) takes the final yod on yv!p=n~ (n~pv!y) as an archaic construct indicator (rather than a suffix), and (d) interprets zu{ (u{z, strength) as an attributive genitive (literally, necks of strength, i.e., strong necks). For fuller discussion and various proposals, see B. Lindars, Judges 1-5, 270-71.
58tc The MT as it stands has a singular noun, but if one moves the prefixed mem from the beginning of the next word to the end of sWs (sWs), the expected plural form is achieved. Another possibility is to understand an error of scribal haplography here, in which case the letter mem should appear in both places.
59tn The words the ground are not in the Hebrew text, but are supplied in the translation for clarification.
60tn Heb galloped, galloped. The repetition is for emphasis and is more appropriately indicated in English with an adverb.
61tn Heb Curse Meroz.
62tn The adjective angelic is interpretive.
63tn Heb Curse, cursing. The Hebrew construction is emphatic.
64tn Heb [to] curse.
65tn Heb to the help of the Lord (the same Hebrew phrase occurs in the following line). Another option is to read to aid the Lords cause.
66tn Or along with the other warriors.
67tn Or blessed.
68tn Or mighty ones.
69tn The adjective left is interpretive, based on the context. Note that the next line pictures Jael holding the hammer with her right hand.
70tn The verb used here is from the same root as the noun hammer in the preceding line.
71tn Or head.
72tn The phrase his head (an implied direct object) is supplied in the translation for clarification.
73tn Heb she pierced his temple.
74tn Heb he fell. The same Hebrew expression occurs two more times in this verse.
75tn Heb and he lay.
76tn Or dead, murdered.
77tn Heb chariots.
78tn Or princesses.
79tn Heb Are they not finding, dividing the plunder?
80tn Heb a womb or two for each man. The words to rape are interpretive. The Hebrew noun translated girl means literally womb (BDB 933 s.v. I. <j^r^), but in this context may refer by extension to the female genitalia. In this case the obscene language of Siseras mother alludes to the sexual brutality which typified the aftermath of battle.
81tn Heb the plunder of dyed cloth is for Sisera.
82tn Heb the plunder of embroidered cloth.
83tn The translation assumes an emendation of the noun (plunder) to a participle, plunderer.
84tn Heb But may those who love him be like the going forth of the sun in its strength.