Old Testament
Gen | Genesis |
Exod | Exodus |
Lev | Leviticus |
Num | Numbers |
Deut | Deuteronomy |
Josh | Joshua |
Judg | Judges |
Ruth | Ruth |
1 Sam | 1 Samuel |
2 Sam | 2 Samuel |
1 Kgs | 1 Kings |
2 Kgs | 2 Kings |
1 Chr | 1 Chronicles |
2 Chr | 2 Chronicles |
Ezra | Ezra |
Neh | Nehemiah |
Esth | Esther |
Job | Job |
Ps(s) | Psalms |
Prov | Proverbs |
Eccl | Ecclesiastes |
Song | Song of Songs |
Isa | Isaiah |
Jer | Jeremiah |
Lam | Lamentations |
Ezek | Ezekiel |
Dan | Daniel |
Hos | Hosea |
Joel | Joel |
Amos | Amos |
Obad | Obadiah |
Jonah | Jonah |
Mic | Micah |
Nah | Nahum |
Hab | Habakkuk |
Zeph | Zephaniah |
Hag | Haggai |
Zech | Zecheriah |
Mal | Malachi |
New Testament
Matt | Matthew |
Mark | Mark |
Luke | Luke |
John | John |
Acts | Acts |
Rom | Romans |
1 Cor | 1 Corinthians |
2 Cor | 2 Corinthians |
Gal | Galatians |
Eph | Ephesians |
Phil | Philippians |
Col | Colossians |
1 Thess | 1 Thessalonians |
2 Thess | 2 Thessalonians |
1 Tim | 1 Timothy |
2 Tim | 2 Timothy |
Titus | Titus |
Philem | Philemon |
Heb | Hebrews |
Jas | James |
1 Pet | 1 Peter |
2 Pet | 2 Peter |
1 John | 1 John |
2 John | 2 John |
3 John | 3 John |
Jude | Jude |
Rev | Revelation |
English Versions
NET |
The NET Bible / New English Translation (NT, 1998; First Beta Edition, 2001; Second Beta Edition, 2003)3 |
TNIV |
Todays New International Version (NT, 2001) |
NLT |
New Living Translation (1996) |
CEV |
The Contemporary English Version (1995) |
NirV |
New International Readers Version (1995) |
Message |
E. H. Peterson, The Message: The New Testament in Contemporary Language (1993) |
NCV |
New Century Version (1991) |
REB |
Revised English Bible (1989) |
NRSV |
New Revised Standard Version (1989) |
NJB |
New Jerusalem Bible (1985) |
NJPS |
Tanakh (1985), produced by the Jewish Publication Society |
NKJV |
New King James Version (1979) |
TEV |
Todays English Version, also known as Good News for Modern Man (1976) |
NIV |
The New International Version (NT, 1973; OT, 1978) |
LB |
The Living Bible (1971) |
NASB |
New American Standard Bible (1971; update 1995) |
NAB |
The New American Bible (1970) |
NEB |
The New English Bible (1970) |
JB |
Jerusalem Bible (1966) |
Amplified |
The Amplified Bible (1965) |
BBE |
C. K. Ogden, The Bible in Basic English (1965) |
JPS |
The Torah (1962), The Prophets (Neviim) (1978), The Writings (Kethuvim) (1982), produced by the Jewish Publication Society |
Phillips |
J. B. Phillips, The New Testament in Modern English (1958) |
RSV |
Revised Standard Version (NT, 1946; OT, 1952) |
Knox |
R. A. Knox, The New Testament in English (1945) |
AT |
The BibleAn American Translation (1927) |
Moffatt |
James Moffatt, A New Translation of the Bible (1926) |
TCNT |
The Twentieth Century New Testament (1898-1901; rev. 1904) |
ASV |
American Standard Version (1901) |
RV |
Revised Version (NT 1881; OT 1885) |
KJV (=AV) |
The King James Version, known in Britain as the Authorized Version (1611) |
AV (=KJV) |
The Authorized Version, known in America as the King James Version (1611) |
Ancient Versions
MT |
Masoretic Text (the traditional rabbinical text of the Hebrew Bible, dating from the medieval period) |
LXX |
Septuagint (the Greek Old Testament, translated between 250-100 b.c.) |
NET Bible Footnote Types
tn |
Translators Noteexplains the rationale for the translation and gives alternative translations, interpretive options, and other technical information. |
sn |
Study Noteincludes comments about historical or cultural background, explanation of obscure phrases or brief discussions of context, discussions of the theological point made by the biblical author, cross references and references to Old Testament quotations or allusions in the New Testament, or other miscellaneous information helpful to the modern reader. |
tc |
Text-critical Notediscusses alternate (variant) readings found in the various manuscripts and groups of manuscripts of the Hebrew Old Testament and Greek New Testament. |
map |
Map Notegives map coordinates for site within the two map sections, The Journeys of Paul and The Holy Land from the Heavens. |
Journals
ABR |
Australian Biblical Review |
AION |
Annali dellIstituto Orientale di Napoli |
AJSL |
American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literature |
ArOr |
Archiv Orientální |
AUSS |
Andrews University Seminary Studies |
BA |
Biblical Archaeologist |
BAR |
Biblical Archaeology Review |
BASOR |
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |
BBR |
Bulletin for Biblical Research |
BETS |
Bulletin of the Evangelical Theological Society |
Bib |
Biblica |
BiBh |
Bible Bhashyam |
BJRL |
Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester |
BN |
Biblische Notizen |
BRev |
Bible Review |
BSac |
Bibliotheca Sacra |
BT |
The Bible Translator |
BTB |
Biblical Theology Bulletin |
BZ |
Biblische Zeitschrift |
CBQ |
Catholic Biblical Quarterly |
CTJ |
Calvin Theological Journal |
CTR |
Criswell Theological Review |
ErIsr |
Eretz-Israel |
EvQ |
Evangelical Quarterly |
ExpTim |
Expository Times |
GTJ |
Grace Theological Journal |
HTR |
Harvard Theological Review |
HUCA |
Hebrew Union College Annual |
IEJ |
Israel Exploration Journal |
Int |
Interpretation |
JANESCU |
Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society of |
JAOS |
Journal of the American Oriental Society |
JBL |
Journal of Biblical Literature |
JETS |
Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society |
JJS |
Journal of Jewish Studies |
JNES |
Journal of Near Eastern Studies |
JNSL |
Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages |
JSNT |
Journal for the Study of the New Testament |
JSOT |
Journal for the Study of the Old Testament |
JSS |
Journal of Semitic Studies |
JTS |
Journal of Theological Studies |
Jud |
Judaica |
Le |
Leonénu |
NovT |
Novum Testamentum |
NTS |
New Testament Studies |
Or |
Orientalia |
OTS |
Old Testament Studies |
PEQ |
Palestinian Exploration Quarterly |
RB |
Revue biblique |
RevExp |
Review and Expositor |
RSR |
Recherches de science religieuse |
SJT |
Scottish Journal of Theology |
ST |
Studia theologica |
TJ |
Trinity Journal |
TLZ |
Theologische Literaturzeitung |
TynBul |
Tyndale Bulletin |
UF |
Ugarit-Forschungen |
VT |
Vetus Testamentum |
WTJ |
Westminster Theological Journal |
WW |
Word and World |
ZÄS |
Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde |
ZAW |
Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft |
ZNW |
Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft |
Commentary and Monograph Series
AB |
Anchor Bible |
AfO |
Archiv für Orientforschung |
AGJU |
Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchristentums |
AnBib |
Analecta biblica |
AOAT |
Alter Orient und Altes Testament |
ArBib |
The Aramaic Bible |
ATD |
Das Alte Testament Deutsch |
BECNT |
Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament |
BibOr |
Biblica et orientalia |
CBQMS |
Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series |
CNT |
Commentaire du Nouveau Testament |
ConBOT |
Coniectanea biblica: Old Testament Series |
DJD |
Discoveries in the Judaean Desert |
DJDJ |
Discoveries in the Judaean Desert of Jordan |
DSBS |
Daily Study Bible Series |
EGGNT |
Exegetical Guide to the Greek New Testament |
FCI |
Foundations of Contemporary Interpretation |
FRLANT |
Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments |
HNTC |
Harpers New Testament Commentaries |
HSM |
Harvard Semitic Monographs |
ICC |
International Critical Commentary |
JAARSup |
Journal of the American Academy of Religion: Supplement Series |
JBLMS |
Journal of Biblical Literature Monograph Series |
JPSTC |
Jerusalem Publication Society Torah Commentary |
JSNTSup |
Journal for the Study of the New Testament: Supplement Series |
JSOTSup |
Journal for the Study of the Old Testament: Supplement Series |
LHD |
The Library of History and Doctrine |
MNTC |
Moffatt New Testament Commentary |
NAC |
New American Commentary |
NCBC |
New Century Bible Commentary |
NICNT |
New International Commentary on the New Testament |
NICOT |
New International Commentary on the Old Testament |
NIGTC |
New International Greek Testament Commentary |
NovTSup |
Supplements to Novum Testamentum |
NTL |
New Testament Library |
OBO |
Orbis biblicus et orientalis |
OBT |
Overtures to Biblical Theology |
OTL |
Old Testament Library |
OTM |
Oxford Theological Monographs |
PTMS |
Pittsburgh Theological Monograph Series |
SBA |
Studies in Biblical Archaeology |
SBG |
Studies in Biblical Greek |
SBLDS |
Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation Series |
SBT |
Studies in Biblical Theology |
SD |
Studies and Documents |
SHR |
Studies in the History of Religions |
SNTSMS |
Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series |
SoBB |
Soncino Books of the Bible |
SOTBT |
Studies in Old Testament Biblical Theology |
SPCKTC |
Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge Theological Collections |
SSN |
Studia semitica neerlandica |
StPB |
Studia post-biblica |
SUNT |
Studien zur Umwelt des Neuen Testaments |
TBC |
Torch Bible Commentaries |
TOTC |
Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries |
TU |
Texte und Untersuchungen |
VTSup |
Supplements to Vetus Testamentum |
WBC |
Word Biblical Commentary |
WEC |
Wycliffe Exegetical Commentary |
WUNT |
Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament |
Text-critical Terms
al |
Abbreviation for alii, a Latin phrase meaning others, referring to manuscripts |
ms (mss) |
manuscript (manuscripts) |
pc |
Abbreviation for pauci, a few (others), referring to manuscripts |
pm |
Abbreviation for permulti, a great many (others), referring to manuscripts |
vid |
Abbreviation for videtur, a Latin word meaning apparently or so it appears, referring to an uncertain reading in a manuscript |
Miscellaneous Abbreviations
abs. |
absolute |
acc. |
accusative |
ca. |
approximately (from Latin circa) |
cf. |
compare (from Latin confer) |
chap. |
chapter |
dat. |
dative |
ed. |
editor; edited by; edition |
e.g. |
for example (from Latin exempli gratia) |
ET |
English text (when versification in the English Bible differs from the Greek or Hebrew text) |
expr. |
expression |
ff. |
following |
fig. |
figurative; figuratively |
gen. |
genitive |
GT |
Greek text (when versification differs from the English Bible) |
HT |
Hebrew text (when versification differs from the English Bible) |
i.e. |
that is (from Latin id est) |
loc. cit. |
in the place cited (from Latin loco citato), usually referring to a Bible verse or passage cited in a commentary or other work |
ms (mss) |
manuscript (manuscripts) |
nom. |
nominative |
NT |
New Testament |
pl. |
plural |
q.v. |
which see (from Latin quod vide) |
sc. |
supply (from Latin scilicet) |
sing. |
singular |
suppl. |
supplement |
s.v. |
under the word (from Latin sub verbo or sub voce) |
trans. |
translated; translator |
v. |
verse |
viz. |
namely (from Latin videlicet) |
w. |
with |
Works Cited by Abbreviation
AHw
Soden, Wolfram von. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 19651981.
ANET
Pritchard, James B., ed. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. 3d ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969.
BDAG
Bauer, W. A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. 3d ed. Revised and edited by F. W. Danker. Translated by W. F. Arndt, F. W. Gingrich, and F. W. Danker. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2000.4
BDB
Brown, Francis, S. R. Driver, and Charles A. Briggs. The New Brown-Driver-Briggs-Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1979.
BDF
Blass, F. and A. Debrunner. A Greek Grammar of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. Translated and edited by Robert W. Funk. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961.
BHK
Kittel, R., ed. Biblia Hebraica. Stuttgart: Würtemburgische Bibelanstalt, 1905-1906, 1925, 1937, 1951, 1973.
BHS
Elliger, K. and W. Rudolph, eds. Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1983.
BKCNT
Walvoord, John F., and Roy B. Zuck, eds. The Bible Knowledge Commentary. New Testament Edition. Wheaton: Victor Books, 1983.
BKCOT
Walvoord, John F., and Roy B. Zuck, eds. The Bible Knowledge Commentary. Old Testament Edition. Wheaton: Victor Books, 1985.
BRL2
Galling, Kurt, ed. Biblisches Reallexikon. 2d ed. Handbuch Zum Alten Testament 1/1. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1977.
DCH
Clines, D. J. A., ed. Dictionary of Classical Hebrew. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1993-.
DISO
Jean, Charles-François, and Jacob Hoftijzer, eds. Dictionnaire des inscriptions sémitiques de l'ouest. Leiden: Brill, 1965.
DJG
Green, J. B., and S. McKnight, eds. Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 1992.
DNWSI
Hoftijzer, J., and K. Jongeling, eds. Dictionary of the North-West Semitic Inscriptions. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1995.
DPL
Hawthorne, Gerald F., and Ralph P. Martin, eds. Dictionary of Paul and His Letters. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 1993.
EA
Knudtzon, J. A. Die el-Amarna-Tafeln. Vorderasiatische Bibliothek. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1915. Reprint, Aalen: Otto Zeller, 1964. Continued in Rainey, A. F. El-Amarna Tablets, 359-379. 2d rev. ed. Alter Orient Und Altes Testament 8. Kevelaer: Butzon und Bercker, 1978.
EBC
Gaebelein, Frank E., ed. The Expositors Bible Commentary. 12 vols. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1976-1992.
ExSyn
Wallace, Daniel B. Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1996.
GKC
Kautzsch, E., ed. Gesenius Hebrew Grammar. Translated by A. E. Cowley. 2d ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910.
HALOT
Koehler, L., W. Baumgartner, and J. J. Stamm. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Translated and edited under the supervision of M. E. J. Richardson. 5 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1994-2000.
IBHS
Waltke, B. K., and M. OConnor. An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1990.
IDB
Buttrick, George A., ed. The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible. 4 vols. New York: Abingdon, 1962.
IDBSup
Crim, Keith R, ed. The Interpreters Dictionary of the Bible: Supplementary Volume. Nashville: Abingdon, 1976
ISBE
Bromiley, G. W., ed. International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. 4 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979-1988.
Jastrow
Jastrow, Marcus. A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature. 2d ed. New York: G. P. Putnam, 1903.
Joüon
Joüon, Paul. A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew. Translated and revised by T. Muraoka. 1st edition with corrections. 2 vols. Subsidia biblica 14/1-2. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1993.
KBL
Koehler, L., and W. Baumgartner. Lexicon in Veteris Testamenti libros. 2d ed. Leiden: Brill, 1958.
L&N
Louw, Johannes P., and Eugene Nida, eds. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament Based on Semantic Domains. New York, NY: United Bible Societies, 1988.
LSJ
Liddell, H. G., and R. Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon. 9th ed. Revised and augmented by H. S. Jones, with the assistance of R. McKenzie. With a revised Supplement. Oxford: Clarendon, 1996.
MHT
Moulton, J. H. A Grammar of New Testament Greek. 4 vols. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1908-1976: Vol. 1 (1908) Prolegomena, by J. H. Moulton. 1st ed. (1906); 3d ed. (1908); Vol. 2 (1929): Accidence and Word Formation, by W. F. Howard; Vol. 3 (1963): Syntax, by N. Turner; Vol. 4 (1976): Style, by N. Turner.
MM
Moulton, J. H., and G. Milligan. Vocabulary of the Greek New Testament. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1930. Repr., Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1997.
NA25
Nestle, E., and K. Aland, eds. Novum Testamentum Graece. 25th ed. Stuttgart: Württembergische Bibelanstalt, 1963.
NA26
Aland, K., M. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and A. Wikgren, eds. Novum Testamentum Graece. 26th ed. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1979.
NA27
Aland, B., K. Aland, J. Karavidopoulos, C. M. Martini, and B. M. Metzger, eds. Novum Testamentum Graece. 27th ed. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1993.
NBD3
Wood, D. R. W., ed. New Bible Dictionary. 3d ed. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 1996.
NIDOTTE
VanGemeren, W. A., ed. New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis. 5 vols. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1997.
PGL
Lampe, G. W. H., ed. Patristic Greek Lexicon. Oxford; New York: Clarendon, 1968.
TCGNT
Metzger, Bruce M. A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament. 2d ed. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft: 1994.
TDNT
Kittel, G. and G. Friedrich. Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. Translated by Geoffrey W. Bromiley. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964-1976.
TDOT
Botterweck, G. Johannes and Helmer Ringgren, eds. Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. Translated by J. T. Willis, G. W. Bromiley, and D. E. Green. 8 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974-.
THAT
Jenni, Ernst, ed., with assistance from Claus Westermann. Theologisches Handwörterbuch zum Alten Testament. 2 vols. Stuttgart: C. Kaiser, 1971-1976.
ThWAT
Botterweck, G. Johannes, and Helmer Ringgren, eds. Theologisches Wörterbuch zum Alten Testament. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1970.
TLG
Thesaurus Linguae Graecae, a computerized database of all ancient Greek literature from Homer (8th century b.c.) to the 6th century AD.
TWOT
Harris, R. Laird, Gleason L. Archer, and Bruce K. Waltke, eds. Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament. 2 vols. Chicago: Moody, 1980.
UBS3
Aland, K., M. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and A. Wikgren, eds. The Greek New Testament. 3d ed., corrected. Stuttgart: United Bible Societies, 1983.
UBS4
Aland, B., K. Aland, J. Karavidopoulos, C. M. Martini, and B. M. Metzger, eds. The Greek New Testament. 4th ed., corrected. Stuttgart: United Bible Societies, 1994.
UT
Gordon, Cyrus H. Ugaritic Textbook. Revised reprint. Analecta orientalia 38. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1998.
WUS
Aistleitner, Joseph. Das Wörterbuch der ugaritischen Sprache. Edited by Otto Eissfeldt. 3d ed. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1967.